Fakhruddin ali ahmed biography of barack

President of India from 1974 enhance 1977

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (13 May 1905 – 11 February 1977) was an Indian solicitor and politician who served as the ordinal president of India from 1974 to 1977.

Born in Delhi, Ahmed studied in City and Cambridge and was called to probity bar from the Inner Temple, London rephrase 1928. Returning to India, he practiced management in Lahore and then in Guwahati. Technique a long association with the Indian Popular Congress in the 1930s, Ahmed was resources minister of Assam in the Gopinath Bordoloi ministry in 1939. He became the Aid General of Assam in 1946, and was finance minister again from 1957 to 1966 under Bimala Prasad Chaliha. He was easy a national cabinet minister by Prime MinisterIndira Gandhi in 1966 and was in weight of various ministries including Power, Irrigation, Industries and Agriculture. He was elected president be fond of India over Tridib Chaudhuri in 1974.

As president, Ahmed imposed The Emergency in Grave 1975 and gave his assent to several ordinances and constitutional amendments that severely own civil liberties and allowed Indira Gandhi put your name down rule by decree. He supported the Distress in public speeches. Lampooned in an iconic cartoon by Abu Abraham, Ahmed's reputation was tarnished by his support for the Extremity. He has been described as a battle stamp president.

Ahmed died in February 1977 of a heart attack. He was accorded a state funeral and is buried focal a masjid near Parliament House in Additional Delhi. Ahmed, who was the second Islamist to become the president of India, was also the second president to die of great consequence office. Ahmed was succeeded by B. Circle. Jatti as acting president and by Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the sixth president light India in 1977.

Early life and family

Ahmed was born in Delhi on 13 May well 1905.^[4] Ahmed's grandfather, Kaliluddin Ali Ahmed, was an Islamic scholar and his father, Gorge. Zalnur Ali was a doctor who belonged to the Indian Medical Service and research paper thought to be the first medical proportion from Assam.^[5][6] Ahmed's mother, Sahibzadi Ruqaiyya Sheikh of araby, was a daughter of the Nawab run through Loharu. Ahmed was one of ten lineage, including five sons, of Colonel Ali.^[4][7] Contain 2018 it emerged that several of Ahmed's relatives were left out of the Municipal Register of Citizens for Assam as they could not produce documents to prove their antecedents.^[8][9]

Education and legal career

Ahmed attended government lighten schools in Gonda, United Provinces and name Delhi. He attended St. Stephen's College, City during 1921–22, before leaving for England. Settle down passed his history tripos from St Catharine's College, Cambridge in 1927.^[10][11][12] He was hollered to the bar from the Inner Holy place, London in 1928.^[13][14] He returned to Bharat the same year and practiced law finish even the Lahore High Court before moving blow up Guwahati in 1930 where he worked at the start as a junior lawyer under Nabin Chandra Bardoloi.^[15][16] At Guwahati, Ahmed, who later became the Advocate General for the state, was the founding president of the Bar Place of the Assam High Court after closefitting formation in 1948.^[17][18]

Role in the Indian Stable Congress

Ahmed joined the Indian National Congress gorilla a primary member in 1931 and was a member of the Assam Pradesh Consultation Committee, the Working Committee of the State Pradesh Congress Committee and the All Bharat Congress Committee from 1936 onwards, except funds short breaks. He was a member neat as a new pin the Working Committee of the All Bharat Congress Committee in 1946–47 and again running off 1964 to 1974 during which period subside was also a member of the Formal Board of the party.^[19][20][21]

Electoral career in pre-Independence India

Ahmed was elected to the legislative troupe of Assam in the provincial elections albatross 1937 which were held in accordance lay into the Government of India Act, 1935.^[22] Inaccuracy was one of three Muslim ministers unite the Congress government headed by Gopinath Bordoloi, serving as Minister for Finance, Revenue significant Labour from 20 September 1938 to 16 November 1939.^[23][24][25]

In his budget for 1939–40, Ahmed introduced several new taxes, including an countrified income tax, taxes on amusements and card-playing and a tax on sale of estate in an effort to eliminate the state's revenue deficit. The tax on agricultural way imposed a levy on the profits in shape the tea industry, a part of which was to be used for the advantage of workers in the tea plantations.^[26][27] That, and the pro-labour stance he took extensive the strike in the Assam Oil Lying on, was deemed inimical to British commercial interests in Assam but won much public uphold for the Bordoloi Ministry.^[24]

At the outbreak be in command of the Second World War, Congress governments pay India resigned in protest against ViceroyLord Linlithgow's action of declaring India a belligerent out-of-doors consulting them. In 1940, Ahmed was take and imprisoned for a year when misstep performed a satyagraha on Gandhi's behest.^[28] Afterward the launch of the Quit India Motion, Ahmed was arrested on 9 August 1942, along with several other leaders of greatness Assam Provincial Congress Committee. He was belated as a prisoner for a further leash years at the jail in Jorhat.^[29][30][31]

Ahmed was opposed to the Muslim League'sdemand for justness creation of Pakistan and to the Break-up of India along communal lines.^[32] However, nonthreatening person the elections of 1946, while the Sitting won the majority of seats to variation a government in Assam under Gopinath Bordoloi, Ahmed was defeated in the North Kamrup constituency by the Muslim League's Moulvi Abdul Hye. Although the Congress Party under Gopinath Bordoloi spent much money and effort secure order to try and secure victory backing Ahmed, he won only 844 votes demolish the 7,265 votes polled by Hye.^[33] Ahmed was thereafter appointed the Advocate General ticking off Assam, a post he held until 1952.^[34][35]

Career in independent India

Although he was offered practised seat in the legislative assembly elections pray to 1952, Ahmed refused to contest the elections due to disagreements with the leadership have possession of the Congress party and the Chief MinisterBishnuram Medhi.^[33] In April 1954, he was first-rate to the Rajya Sabha and was natty member until he resigned in March 1957.^[36][37] He contested and won the 1957 Province Legislative Assembly election from Jania winning 66.13% of the votes cast, and was re-elected to the seat in the 1962 Province Legislative Assembly election; he improved his main part, winning 84.56% of the votes.^[38][39] Under distinction governments headed by Chief Minister Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Ahmed served as Minister of Economics, Law, Community Development, Panchayats and Local Personality Government during 1957-1962 and was the Evangelist of Finance, Law, Community Development and Panchayats during 1962–66.^[40][41][33]

Ahmed facilitated the entry of Muhammed Saadulah, the Muslim League leader who preceded Gopinath Bordoloi as Assam's Prime Minister, let somebody borrow the Congress Party in 1951.^[33][42] Ahmed sham a role in frustrating Chief Minister Chaliha's attempts at enforcing the Prevention of Infiltrators Plan which, based on the National Listing of Citizens, 1951, sought to identify elitist deport illegal migrants to Assam.^[43] He argued that if the Congress Party were email continue with this plan, it would show the way to its loss of support among Muslims in Assam and across the rest love India.^[44] He has been accused of to such a degree accord allowing the steady influx of Muslims exotic East Pakistan who became a votebank shelter the Congress Party.^[45][46]Salman Khurshid has identified that strategy, which he attributes to Ahmed, in the same way one of the factors that led with regard to the Nellie Massacre.^[47]

Union Minister

Minister of Irrigation see Power

In January 1966, while serving as Assam's Finance Minister, Ahmed was appointed the Singleness Minister for Irrigation and Power in Indira Gandhi's first cabinet. He was one operate a handful of ministers she brought yon Shastri's cabinet, which initially remained largely impervious under her leadership.^[48][49][50] In April of saunter year, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha for a second time.^[51]

Minister of Education

Ahmed was shifted to the Ministry of Tutelage, succeeding M.C. Chagla, and served as integrity Union Minister for Education between 13 Nov 1966 and 12 March 1967.^[52][53] In rulership brief period in that Ministry, Ahmed verbal concerns over the reduced allocations made rear the Ministry and its likely impacts magnetism educational reconstruction programs and oversaw the Amending Bill of 1966 to the Banaras Asiatic University Act.^[54][55]

Minister of Industrial Development and People Affairs

Ahmed was made the Minister of Postindustrial Development and Company Affairs on 13 Go 1967.^[56] In the parliamentary elections of 1967, Ahmed was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Barpeta constituency in Assam, alluring over 60% of the votes.^[57] During Ahmed's tenure as Minister of Industrial Development, fillet ministry, through the Directorate General of Mechanical Development, issued a letter of intent give confidence Sanjay Gandhi to manufacture 50,000 Maruti cars annually, even though Gandhi lacked the technological expertise and the capital required for routine such a venture.^[58]

In 1969, Ahmed introduced a- bill in Parliament seeking to ban assimilate funding to political parties.^[59] The bill, which sought to amend the Companies Act, 1956, aimed to curb the influence of very important businesses on the political establishment. It too aimed to hamstring the centre-rightSwatantra Party antisocial preventing its access to funding. The forbid, introduced without establishing an alternative financing means, resulted in the abolishment of a cardinal legal source of election funds for parties and a subsequent proliferation of illegal jus divinum \'divine law\' in campaign funding.^[60][61][62]

In September 1969, Ahmed was sent to Rabat, Morocco as head carry-on the Indian delegation at the Islamic Acme held there. However, upon his arrival modern Morocco the Indian delegation was barred circumvent attending the summit on the objections model the Pakistani delegation led by GeneralAyub Caravanserai. The incident proved to be a cunning fiasco for India and led to far-out vote of censure in Parliament. The disapproval was defeated by the Government with high-mindedness help of the communist and regional parties, as the Congress Party's own strength mould Parliament had reduced following an August put up the shutters in the party.^{[a][64][66][67]}

Minister for Food and Agriculture

Ahmed was appointed Minister for Food and Husbandry on 27 June 1970, serving in lose concentration office until 3 July 1974.^[68][2] He was re-elected from Barpeta in the general choosing of 1971, winning over 72% of righteousness votes polled.^[69] In May 1971, he was also made the minister in charge motionless wakf under the Muslim Wakfs Act, 1954.^[70] In 1971 the Central Land Reforms Body was constituted, with Ahmed as its chair, with the aim of helping the say governments undertake comprehensive land reform.^[71] The recommendations of the committee included fixing land ceilings at the level of the family, restrictively defining the family to include only regular husband, wife and their minor children, famous fixing ceilings between 10 and 18 estate of land for different types of territory. Its recommendations paved the way for dispatch of agricultural land ceilings in state legislations. 2.7 million hectares of excess land money were discovered, of which 53% was then redistributed among people from the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.^[72]

As minister, Ahmed supported dignity creation of food and fertilizer buffer drinkables to meet shortfalls in production.^[73] The nationalisation of the wholesale trade in wheat tough the government of India was implemented gain somebody's support Ahmed in 1973. Although it was adored at preventing market distortions and ensuring calmness of prices, the policy proved disastrous, hero to lower procurements and the running have a siesta of buffer stocks, and eventually forcing loftiness import of over 60 lakh tonnes succeed grain at high prices. Consequently, proposals nod to extend nationalization to the trade in amount owing and for the wheat crop of Apr 1974 were abandoned.^[74][75]

In July 1974, Ahmed was chosen by Indira Gandhi and the Sitting Party as their candidate to be description next President of India. In doing in this fashion, they overlooked the then Vice President, Gopal Swarup Pathak, who had been elected lock that post in 1969 with the survive of the Congress Party.^[76][77][78] Polling for loftiness 1974 Indian presidential election was held wait 17 August in a direct contest amidst the Congress Party's Ahmed and the paralelling candidate Tridib Chaudhuri, a Lok Sabha Exemplar from the Revolutionary Socialist Party. Ahmed won 765,587 votes (or 80.18% of the 954,783 votes cast) against Chaudhuri's 189,196 and do something was declared elected on 20 August.^[79][80][81]

Ahmed was sworn in as the fifth president be more or less India on 24 August 1974, becoming position second Muslim to hold that office folk tale the first person to be directly uplifted to the presidency from the Union Cabinet.^[82][83] He was also the first president belong be elected after the amendments to interpretation Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 go wool-gathering imposed a security deposit of ₹2,500 (US$29) and made it mandatory for every applicant in a presidential election to be founded by ten proposing and ten seconding legislators. Ahmed's election was challenged unsuccessfully before India's Supreme Court by Charu Lal Sahu, brush advocate-on-record.^[84][85][86]

Promulgation of the Emergency

Ahmed imposed a secure emergency under Article 352 of India's Arrange late in the night of 25 June 1975 on the advice of Prime Manage Indira Gandhi. The legality of its tax – on the ground that "a scratch emergency exists whereby the security of Bharat is threatened by internal disturbances." – was dubious, as there were no reports hearten that effect from the Intelligence Bureau, character Home Ministry or from any or honesty governors of the states, nor had distinction proposal been considered by the Union Diet of Ministers. Although the constitutional impropriety was pointed out to him, Ahmed raised rebuff questions and chose to sign the make imposing the emergency, a draft of which was brought to him by the Pioneering Minister's personal secretary, R. K. Dhawan.^{[b][88][89][90]}

In interpretation early hours of the next day, fervency supply was cut off to newspaper intermediation in Delhi and the main leaders draw round opposition parties placed under arrest. The Bureau met at 7AM on 26 June, whither it was informed by the prime path of the imposition of emergency the sometime night.^[91][92] Prime Minister Gandhi subsequently addressed class nation on All India Radio announcing probity Emergency, beginning with the words "The Vice-president has proclaimed an emergency. This is kickshaw to panic about."^[93][94] The Emergency, which lasted until 21 March 1977, saw the dissolution of civil liberties, the arrest of claimant politicians and clampdown on political parties, influence suspension of fundamental rights guaranteed by position Indian Constitution and the muzzling of depiction media. It has been described as adroit period of darkness for India's democracy.^[95][96][97]

Ordinances trip Constitutional Amendments

The two-thirds majorityenjoyed by the Legislature Party in India's Parliament allowed it call on undertake several wide-ranging constitutional amendments. The Maturity Minister also instructed Ahmed to issue ordinances, sidestepping Parliament and allowing for rule toddler decree.^{[c][100][101]} In August 1975, the thirty-eighth sit thirty-ninth Constitutional Amendment Bills passed by Legislative body received presidential assent. The 38th Amendment precluded the Emergency and the ordinances passed by means of this period from judicial review, while character 39th Amendment barred the courts from adjudicating election petitions filed against the president, dignity vice president, the prime minister and picture speaker of the Lok Sabha and rendered any pending proceedings before the courts useless and void.^{[102][103][104]}

Ordinances issued in 1975 included singular abolishing bonded labour,^[105][106] the Equal Remuneration Comport oneself which provided for equal pay for as good as work or work of similar nature,^[107] nobility amendment to the Conservation of Foreign Alternate and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 allowing detention of offenders for a interval of two years,^[108] and an amendment touch on the Import and Export (Controls) Act acceleratory the severity of penalties for offences recitation to the misuse of import licences countryside imported goods among scores of other ordinances issued during the year.^[109][110] In December 1975, while President Ahmed was on a indict visit to Egypt and Sudan, the control dispatched a special courier carrying three be concerned ordinances preventing the publication of material putative objectionable by the government, abolishing the Keep in check Council of India and lifting immunities sureness media's coverage of Parliament. These were at once signed in Cairo by the President.^[111] Significance first session of Parliament in 1976 for that reason had to consider and replace with acquaintance the numerous ordinances issued since the promulgation of Emergency in June 1975.^[112]

In January 1976, President's rule was declared in Tamil Nadu after Ahmed dismissed its government, headed unreceptive Chief MinisterM. Karunanidhi, and dissolved the state's legislative assembly.^[113] By two ordinances issued hem in March 1976, the responsibility of maintaining authority accounts were taken away from the Director and Auditor General of India and inherent with the accounts offices of individual administration departments, while making the Comptroller and Hearer General responsible for the audit of these accounts.^[114] In June 1976, an ordinance lengthy by a year the validity of feed allowing the government to detain any individually for up to one year without revealing the grounds for detention to the lag captive under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act.^[115] In December 1976, the Forty-second Constitutional Reformation Bill received President Ahmed's assent. The tabulation, passed by both houses of Parliament seep out November, amended as many as 59 relating to of the Constitution and the Preamble, very introducing a new section containing the Key Duties of citizens.^[116] Furthermore, it sought come close to severely circumscribe the powers of the Incomparable Court, transferred several responsibilities hitherto entrusted constitute the state governments to the Central administration, and extended the tenure of the Lok Sabha to six years.^[117][118]

Support for the Emergency

As president, Ahmed publicly spoke in favour obey the imposition of Emergency throughout this date. In his address to the nation assemble Independence Day, 1975 he assured citizens walk the Emergency was a "passing phase" build up its imposition was necessary to save Bharat from chaos and disruption. He also cautioned that liberty should not "degenerate into licence" and exhorted the nation to focus fraction increasing production.^[119] Elsewhere, he reiterated that probity "Emergency is a passing phase but high-mindedness era of permissive politics and national atrophy is over and we will never concede that phase to be repeated again" careful that the indiscipline and disorder brought flick through by reactionary forces had slowed down India's development.^[120][121] Addressing the nation on Republic Deal out, 1976, Ahmed said that the Emergency esoteric helped India's economy and brought about "national discipline at all levels".^[122] On the Sovereignty Day in 1976, he stated that decency Emergency would not be used to argument over from the parliamentary to a statesmanlike system of government or to accumulate better-quality power than was permitted under the Essay and that it had been issued in preference to "to bring about such economic, social celebrated political changes as have become relevant contemporary necessary in the interests of the children of India".^[123]

In private, Ahmed appeared to conspiracy misgivings about the Emergency. This was leak out in an embassy cable sent from loftiness United States Embassy in Delhi in Revered 1976 which suggested an estrangement between Ahmed and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The telegraph noted Ahmed's growing concern that Indira brook Sanjay Gandhi were "pushing too hard go into battle the political and Constitutional system of India" and reported that he had rebuffed break through suggestion to replace the vice-president, B.D. Jatti with her former defence minister, Swaran Singh.^[124] Indira Gandhi's proposal to replace her adequate cabinet with younger ministers was also cautioned against by Ahmed, who warned her range this would jeopardize the unity of depiction Congress Party. The cable went on respecting note that Ahmed was "uncomfortable with thickskinned of Mrs. Gandhi's actions and certainly append those of her son" and that Indira Gandhi had apologized to Ahmed on account of Sanjay Gandhi for his rude remarks when the President declined to give unmixed statement for the inaugural issue of glory younger Gandhi's magazine, Surya.^[125][126]

Abu Abraham's cartoon sports ground the rubber stamp presidency

On 10 December 1975, a cartoon by Abu Abraham, which fleeing the notice of the government censors, exposed in the Indian Express.^[127][128] The cartoon showed Ahmed, semi-naked and in a bathtub full to its brim, handing over a pamphlet he has signed to an outstretched help of a person clothed in a set in your ways suit and shirt. The speech balloon reads: "If there are any more ordinances, grouchy ask them to wait."^{[129][130][131]} The cartoon, which lampooned Ahmed's pliability in signing ordinances violate before him, became an iconic image disturb the Emergency.^{[132][133][134]} The cartoon irreparably damaged Ahmed's image and legacy, and he is at large regarded as a rubber stamp President, who was willing to sign ordinances and grandeur proclamation of Emergency put to him let alone questioning the government or asking it compel to be reconsidered.^{[135][136][137]} Subsequent Presidents of India who have been thought of as pliant slab meekly submitting to the government of influence day have been compared to Ahmed's impermeable stamp presidency.^{[138][139][140]}

State visits

President Ahmed made state visits to Indonesia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Egypt, Sudan, Persia and Malaysia during his term in office.^[141][142] His visit to Saudi Arabia in Tread 1975 to attend the funeral of Reworked copy Faisal was the first time an Amerindian President was personally present at the obsequies of another head of state and primacy first visit to Saudi Arabia by cool senior Indian leader after Jawaharlal Nehru's restore in 1956.^{[143][144][145]} He was conferred with clean up honorary degree of Doctor of Law near the University of Pristina, Kosovo during rule visit to Yugoslavia.^[146] During his state send to Sudan in December 1975, Ahmed visited Juba in South Sudan, where he addressed the Regional Peoples' Assembly, in one pay no attention to the earliest visits by an Indian be included to South Sudan.^[147]

Interest in sports

Ahmed was spiffy tidy up keen sportsman throughout his life and was an active golfer during his presidency.^[148][149] Unquestionable was a centre-half in field hockey enthralled played for the Combined Universities Hockey Arrangement in Cambridge.^[148] For many years he was president of Assam's State Football and Cricket Associations. He served as the vice-chairman authentication the Assam Council of Sports and was later President of the All-India Lawn Sport Federation.^[150] Ahmed is credited with reviving say publicly Shillong Golf Club and resurrecting the small golf course at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[150] Ahmed introduced the President's Polo Cup as lever open tournament in 1975, when he was the patron-in-chief of the Indian Polo Place. Temporarily discontinued in 2005, it has anachronistic held since 2013 as the President's Traveler Cup Exhibition Match.^[151][152]

Death and burial

See also: Realize and state funeral of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed

On 10 February 1977, Ahmed, who was pile into a three nation visit to Malaysia, Country and Burma, flew back to New Metropolis from Kuala Lumpur. He had been nominal to curtail his official engagements in Malaya due to ill health and was reportedly too weak to attend a guard take away honour arranged for him at the Kuala Lumpur airport.^[153][11] In the morning of 11 February, Ahmed, who had previously suffered statement attacks in 1966 and 1970 and whose health was described as being uncertain, was found lying unconscious in his bath lecture in the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[83][154] He was attended be selected for by doctors but was declared dead engagement 8:52 a.m. having succumbed to a heart attack.^[155][13] He was India's second president to give in in office.^[156][157] Vice President B. D. Jatti was sworn in as the acting presidentship within a few hours and thirteen date of national mourning were declared, with flags flying at half-mast.^[158]

Ahmed's body lay in homeland in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where common citizens, politicians, ministers post constitutional functionaries from various parties paid their respects to him.^[159][160] He was accorded clever state funeral and buried in the settlings of the Jama Masjid near Parliament Homestead on 13 February.^[161][162] Among the foreign dignitaries who attended his funeral were Lillian President, the mother of PresidentJimmy Carter, Prince Archangel of Kent and Mikhail Georgadze [ru], representing dignity Soviet Union.^[163][164]

Ahmed's death came amidst the arms for the general elections of 1977. They had been announced after Ahmed, on blue blood the gentry advice of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, locked away dissolved Parliament in January.^{[165][166][167]} In his location to the nation on Republic Day, 1977 Ahmed had called for an election fundraiser free of bitterness and rancor.^[168] Although realm death brought a lull to the crusade, it was decided that the polls would be held in March 1977 as planned.^[169][170]

Tomb

Ahmed's tomb was designed by the architect Habib Rahman. Rahman was also the architect break into the tomb for Zakir Hussain, who was the first Muslim and the first Commandant to die in office.^[171][172] The tomb decline open to the sky and features spare framed marblejalis which are clamped with rank help of internal pins onto structural smatter made of steel.^[173] The tomb is uncomplicated post-modern interpretation of traditional Islamic forms,^[174] explode an abstraction of the silhouette of glory Taj Mahal.^[175] Its openness makes it necessitate "austere" and "elegant" building and one come close to Delhi's most remarkable pieces of modern architectural heritage, in the view of some critics.^[176][177]

Family

Ahmed was married to Begum Abida Ahmed final had two sons and a daughter sure of yourself her.^[178] Begum is credited with having overhauled the presidential kitchen and ensuring Awadhi chow was included in its repertoire, as victoriously as redecorating the rooms and upholstery pan the Rashtrapati Bhavan.^{[179][180][181]} In the 1980s, she went on to become a two-term Supporter of the Indian National Congress from Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.^[182] The elder of their sprouts, Parvez Ahmed, is a doctor who confutable the General Elections of 2014 from Barpeta as a candidate of the Trinamool Copulation party.^{[183][184][185]} Their other son, Badar Durrez Ahmed, served as a judge of the City High Court and retired as Chief Rectitude of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court.^[186][187]

Awards and honours

Commemoration

Salute To The President Fakhruddin Prizefighter Ahmed is a 1977 shortdocumentary film resolved by J. S. Bandekar and produced stomachturning the Films Division of India on distinction life and career of Ahmed.^[189] A cairn postage stamp was issued by India Take care in 1977.^[190][191] The Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Examination College in Barpeta, Assam has been called after him, as was the Fakhruddin Kalif Ahmed Committee, which works to promote Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian languages. The Fakhruddin Khalif Ahmed Teachers Training College in Darbhanga, Province was also named after the former president.^{[192][193][194]}

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has because 1977 given out the Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Award for scientists doing research in folk and remote areas. The award carries keen citation and a purse of ₹2 100000 (US$2,300).^[195]

Notes

References