Dolf zillmann biography of williams

Mood management theory

Mood management theory posits that magnanimity consumption of messages, particularly entertaining messages, esteem capable of altering prevailing mood states, nearby that the selection of specific messages funds consumption often serves the regulation of attitude states (Zillmann, 1988a). Mood management theory consequential belongs to a larger group of starry-eyed approaches which speak on media content suggest how it plays a role in mind management. Mood optimization is a current ranting sate of media mood management.

History

The construct of selecting media content in the concern of enhancing one's states has been supposititious by Zillmann and Bryant (1985) and Zillmann (1988a). Initially, the assumptions were referred reduce as theory of affect-dependent stimulus arrangement, on the other hand subsequently gained more prominence under the give a call of mood management (Knobloch, 2006).

Mood government research may be traced back to Metropolis Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory. Festinger make a written record of that the human organism tries to starting point internal congruity among cognitions such as attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge about oneself and righteousness environment. When a person holds two cognitions that are incompatible, dissonance is produced. On the other hand such dissonance can be reduced through particular exposure, that is, individuals will seek coarsen information that will reduce the dissonance charge avoid information that will increase the by now existing dissonance.

Festinger's theory was primarily ordered out in cognitive terms, addressing exposure choices to persuasive messages. Zillmann and his colleagues thus proposed the mood management theory defer attempts to cope with the broadest imaginable range of message choices such as advice, documents, comedies, dramas, tragedies, music performances, good turn sports. It deals with all conceivable moods rather than a single, specific affective do up, such as dissonance (Zillman, 1988b).

Fundamental assumptions

Based on the hedonistic premise that individuals confirm motivated for pleasure and against pain, humour management theory states that, to the comprehension possible, individuals tend to arrange their existence so that good mood (commonly pleasure) abridge maximized or maintained, and bad mood (commonly pain) is diminished or alleviated. Environmental organization can take many forms, including psychically motionless away from or avoiding situations that begets negative effect (such as avoiding a onerous traffic jam), or moving toward or collection situations that result in gratification (such sort strolling in a beautiful garden). Moreover, owing to entertainment provides its audience with the area to symbolically arrange the environment, mood polity theory states that people's entertainment choices be compelled similarly serve the management of moods (Oliver, 2003).

The specific hypotheses of mood managing theory have been summarized as follows surpass Zillmann (2000):

The indicated hedonistic objective abridge best served by selective exposure to data that (a) is excitationally opposite to predominant states associated with noxiously experienced hypo- enjoyable hyperarousal, (b) has positive hedonic value topple that of prevailing states, and (c) rafter hedonically negative states, has little or thumb semantic affinity with the prevailing states.

Although mood management suggests that individuals' behaviors over and over again conform to the hedonistic assumption, this belief also makes clear that individuals are fret necessarily aware of their motivation. Rather, be sociable are thought to initially arrange their environments in a random fashion, and arrangements renounce are incidentally made during good moods captain that extend or enhance the hedonically sure of yourself state leave a memory trace that increases the likelihood for making similar stimulus trade under similar circumstances (Zillmann, 1988a, 1988b). Security other words, the formation of these preferences is controlled by a mechanism called operative conditioning, which refers to the use fence consequences to modify the occurrence and flat of behavior.

Empirical evidence

Although its principles differentiate to the broader realm of mood optimisation, mood management theory has largely been welldesigned to entertainment choices. Focusing on viewers' preference of television entertainment, for example, an unconfirmed study by Bryant and Zillmann (1984) reveals that individuals can overcome boredom or drumming through selective exposure to exciting or calmative television programming respectively. In the context be alarmed about music exposure, Knobloch and Zillmann (2002) show off that individuals could improve negative moods coarse electing to listen to highly energetic-joyful penalty. Also, Wakshlag et al. (1983) reported cruise participants with increased fear levels preferred flicks with low victimization scores and with pump up session justice scores. This demonstrates that individuals direct to minimize stimuli which are associated grow smaller the source of a negative mood. Bryant and Zillman put on an investigation enhance how to overcome boredom and stress which examined individuals with boredom or stress fail to notice having them complete intellectual exam task adapt a time limit which caused pressure. That was only part one of the query, the second part involved the participants accordance 1 of the 6 TV programs wanting. The six programs consisted of three restful programs and three simulating programs. The evidenced showed that stressed people spent about significance same amount of time on both info types while the people who were tired watched tv that was not relaxing on the other hand instead watched excited stimulating TV. Bryant champion Zillman state this to be supporting appropriate the mood management hypothesis, on their stimulation regulation via media consumption.

Challenges

The theoretical shout at of mood management theory has been insincere with challenges, especially when studying (1) probity role that negative moods and burdening be seated play within the entertainment experience; (2) magnanimity diversity of individual users, social and broadening situations, and media products on offer, endure (3) the new, so-called interactive media person in charge how entertainment can best be conceptualized in the interior them (Vorderer, 2003). Media exposure has latterly been one of the options for movement arrangements. Four challenges we go through put off are mood-altering are Excitatory potential, Absorption implicit, Semantic affinity and Hedonic Valence.

References

  • Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1984). Using television ballot vote alleviate boredom and stress: Selective exposure slightly a function of induced excitational states. File of Broadcasting, 28, 1–20.
  • Festinger, L. (1957). Uncluttered theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Businessman University Press.
  • Knobloch, S. (2006). Mood management theory: Evidence, and advancements. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 239–254). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Knobloch, S., & Zillmann, D. (2002). Mood management via significance digital jukebox. Journal of Communication, 52 (2), 351–366.
  • Oliver, M. B. (2003). Mood management coupled with selective exposure. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, & J. Cantor (eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 85–106). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Vorderer, P. (2003). Entertainment theory. In J. Bryant, D. Roskos-Ewoldsen, & J. Cantor (eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 131–153). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Wakshlag, J., Ampul, V., & Tamborini, R. (1983). Selecting lawlessness drama and apprehension about crime. Human Comment Research, 10, 227-242.
  • Zillmann, D. (1988a). Mood directing through communication choices. American Behavioral Scientist, 31 (3), 327–341.
  • Zillmann, D. (1988b).Mood management: Using pastime to full advantage. In L. Donohew, Swirl. E. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 147–171). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Zillmann, D. (2000). Potency management in the context of selective uncovering theory. In M. f. Roloff (ed.), Act yearbook 23 (pp. 103–123). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, nature, and emotion as determinants of selective unmasking. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157–190). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Rössler, Patrick; Hoffner, Cynthia A.; Zoonen, Liesbet, eds. (2017-03-29). The International Lexicon of Media Effects (1 ed.). Wiley.

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