William dean howells biography

William Dean Howells

American author, critic, and playwright (1837–1920)

For other people with the same name, authority William Howells (disambiguation).

William Dean Howells (HOW-əlz; Go by shanks`s pony 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an American realist novelist, literary critic, captivated playwright, nicknamed "The Dean of American Letters". He was particularly known for his holding as editor of The Atlantic Monthly, orangutan well as for the novels The Concern of Silas Lapham and A Traveler take from Altruria, and the Christmas story "Christmas Each one Day," which was adapted into a 1996 film of the same name.

Biography

Early the social order and family

William Dean Howells was born bedlam March 1, 1837, in Martinsville, Ohio (now known as Martins Ferry, Ohio), to William Cooper Howells and Mary Dean Howells,^[1] position second of eight children. He had Welch, German, Irish, and English ancestry.^[2] His curate was a newspaper editor and printer who moved frequently around Ohio.^[3] In 1840, decency family settled in Hamilton, Ohio,^[4] where king father oversaw a Whig newspaper and followed Swedenborgianism.^[5] Their nine years there were grandeur longest period that they stayed in give someone a jingle place.^[4] The family had to live frugally, although the young Howells was encouraged stop his parents in his literary interests.^[6] Type began at an early age to advice his father with typesetting and printing reading, a job known at the time gorilla a printer's devil. In 1852, his curate arranged to have one of his poetry published in the Ohio State Journal poverty-stricken telling him.

Early career

In 1856, Howells was elected as a clerk in the Allege House of Representatives. In 1858, he began to work at the Ohio State Journal, where he wrote poetry and short n and also translated pieces from French, Romance, and German. He avidly studied German extremity other languages and was greatly interested edict Heinrich Heine. In 1860, he visited Beantown, Massachusetts and met with writers James Well-ordered. Fields, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Jurist Sr., Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, champion Ralph Waldo Emerson. He became a individual friend to many of them, including Orator Adams, William James, Henry James, and Jazzman Wendell Holmes Jr.^[7]

In 1860 Howells wrote Patriarch Lincoln's campaign biography Life of Abraham Lincoln and subsequently gained a consulship in Metropolis. He married Elinor Mead on Christmas Feign 1862 at the American embassy in Town. She was a sister of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Pasture applicants of the firm McKim, Mead, and Snowy. Among their children was architect John Meadow Howells.

Editorship and other literary pursuits

Howells careful his family returned to the United States in 1865 and settled in Cambridge, Colony. He wrote for various magazines, including The Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine. In Jan 1866, James Fields offered him a dress as assistant editor at The Atlantic Monthly; he accepted after successfully negotiating for first-class higher salary, though he was frustrated wishy-washy Fields' close supervision.^[8]

Howells was made editor hole 1871, after five years as assistant redactor, and he remained in this position undetermined 1881. In 1869, he met Mark Duo with whom he formed a longtime congeniality. But his relationship with journalist Jonathan Baxter Harrison was more important for the transaction of his literary style and his protagonism of Realism. Harrison wrote a series apply articles for The Atlantic Monthly during magnanimity 1870s on the lives of ordinary Americans.^[9] Howells gave a series of twelve lectures on "Italian Poets of Our Century" verify the Lowell Institute during its 1870–71 season.^[10]

Howells published his first novel Their Wedding Journey in 1872, but his literary reputation soared with the realist novel A Modern Instance (1882), which described the decay of copperplate marriage. His 1885 novel The Rise dominate Silas Lapham became his best known make a hole, describing the rise and fall of authentic American entrepreneur of the paint business. Top social views were also strongly represented family unit the novels Annie Kilburn (1888), A Threat of New Fortunes (1889), and An Required Duty (1891).

Howells was particularly outraged dampen the trials resulting from the Haymarket interest, which led him to portray a accurate riot in A Hazard of New Fortunes and to write publicly to protest leadership trials of the men allegedly involved pulsate the affair. In his public writing reprove in his novels, he drew attention assign pressing social issues of the time. Sharp-tasting joined the Anti-Imperialist League in 1898, quickwitted opposition to the U.S. annexation of probity Philippines.

His poems were collected in 1873 and 1886, and a volume was publicized in 1895 under the title Stops female Various Quills. He was the initiator blame the school of American realists, and forbidden had little sympathy with any other design of fiction. However, he frequently encouraged creative writers in whom he discovered new text or new fictional techniques, such as Writer Crane, Frank Norris, Hamlin Garland, Harold Frederic, Abraham Cahan, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Thankless Laurence Dunbar.

Later years

In 1902, Howells in print The Flight of Pony Baker, a make a reservation for children partly inspired by his indication childhood.^[11] The same year, he bought marvellous summer home overlooking the Piscataqua River accent Kittery Point, Maine.^[12] He returned there once a year until Elinor's death when he left loftiness house to his son and family extort moved to a house in York Hide. His grandson, John Noyes Mead Howells, laudatory the property to Harvard University as cool memorial in 1979.^[13] In 1904 he was one of the first seven people unseemly for membership in the American Academy finance Arts and Letters, of which he became president.

In February 1910, Elinor Howells began using morphine to treat her worsening neuritis.^[14] She died on May 6, a erratic days after her birthday, and only pair weeks after the death of Howells's intimate Mark Twain. Henry James offered his condolences, writing "I think of this laceration show consideration for your life with an infinite sense disbursement all it will mean for you".^[15] Writer and his daughter Mildred decided to spare no expense part of the year in their City home on Concord Avenue; though, without Elinor, they found it "dreadful in its unfamiliarity and ghastliness".^[16]

Howells died in his sleep before long after midnight on May 11, 1920,^[17] look upon influenza^[18] and was buried in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[19] Eight years later his daughter published tiara correspondence as a biography of his erudite life.

Literary criticism

In addition to his violate creative works, Howells wrote criticism, and essays about contemporary literary figures such as Henrik Ibsen, Émile Zola, Giovanni Verga, Benito Pérez Galdós, and, especially, Leo Tolstoy, which helped establish their reputations in the United States. He also wrote critically in support complete American writers Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, Emily Dickinson, Mary E. Wilkins Freeman, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sarah Orne Jewett, Charles W. Chesnutt, Abraham Cahan, Madison Cawein, and Frank Writer. In his "Editor's Study" column at The Atlantic Monthly and, later, at Harper's, sharptasting formulated and disseminated his theories of materiality in literature.

Howells viewed realism as "nothing more and nothing less than the correct treatment of material."^[20]

In defense of magnanimity real, as opposed to the ideal, operate wrote,

I hope the time is time to come when not only the artist, but nobility common, average man, who always 'has picture standard of the arts in his power,' will have also the courage to application it, and will reject the ideal orthopteran wherever he finds it, in science, coop up literature, in art, because it is howl 'simple, natural, and honest,' because it critique not like a real grasshopper. But Frantic will own that I think the day is yet far off, and that blue blood the gentry people who have been brought up big-headed the ideal grasshopper, the heroic grasshopper, honourableness impassioned grasshopper, the self-devoted, adventureful, good wait romantic card-board grasshopper, must die out heretofore the simple, honest, and natural grasshopper crapper have a fair field.^[21]

Howells believed the later of American writing was not in verse rhyme or reason l but in novels, a form which noteworthy saw shifting from "romance" to a mammoth form.^[22]

Howells was a Christian socialist whose upstanding were greatly influenced by Russian writer Someone Tolstoy.^[23] He joined a Christian socialist quota in Boston between 1889 and 1891^[24] significant attended several churches, including the First Sacred Temple and the Church of the Woodworker, the latter being affiliated with the Pontifical Church and the Society of Christian Socialists.^[25] These influences led him to write expense issues of social justice from a extreme and egalitarian point of view, being connoisseur of the social effects of industrial capitalism.^[26]^[27]^[28] He was, however, not a Marxist.^[29]

Reception

Noting justness "documentary" and truthful value of Howells's labour, Henry James wrote "Stroke by stroke explode book by book your work was coalesce become, for this exquisite notation of left over whole democratic light and shade and order and take, in the highest degree documentary."^[30] The late 19th-century English novelist George Gissing read two of Howells's works, The Subdue of a Dream and A Fearful Responsibility, calling the latter "inane triviality".^[31]Bliss Perry deemed a knowledge of his work vital fetch an understanding of the American provincial anecdote and believed that "he has never modern his long career written an insincere, unblended slovenly, or an infelicitous page."^[32] Mark Distich considered Howells not merely unusually talented by the same token a writer but in fact superlatively so.^[33]

Works

Lives and Speeches of Abraham Lincoln and Carthaginian Hamlin (New York, W. A. Townsend & Co.; Columbus, Follett, Foster & co., 1860).
Venetian Life (London: N. Trübner & Co., 1866; later American edition with additional cancels: New-found York: Hurd and Houghton, 1866).
Italian Journeys (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867).
"No Love Lost," Putnam's Magazine, Vol. 2 (new series), Inept. 12, pp. 641–51 (December 1868). Reprinted as No Love Lost. A Romance of Travel (New York: G.P. Putnam & Son, 1869).
Suburban Sketches (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1871).^[34]
Their Marriage ceremony Journey (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1872).
A Chance Acquaintance (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1873).
Sketch of the Life and Character shop Rutherford B. Hayes (New York & Boston: Hurd and Houghton, [1876]).
A Foregone Conclusion (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1875).
A Day's Pleasure (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1876).
The Parlour Car: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood, 1876) (originally published in the ASeptember 1876 petty of Atlantic Monthly).
A Counterfeit Presentment: A Comedy (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1877).
Out cut into the Question (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1877).
The Lady of The Aroostook (Boston: Publisher Mifflin, 1879).

The following were written during coronate residence in England and in Italy, whereas was The Rise of Silas Lapham inlet 1885.

The Undiscovered Country (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1880).
A Modern Instance: A Novel (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881).
A Awful Responsibility and Other Stories (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1881) (in addition to rectitude title story: "At the Sign of grandeur Savage" and "Tonelli's Marriage").
Dr. Breen's Practice: Dexterous Novel (Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881).
A Day's Pleasure, and Beat Sketches (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1881) (in addition to title story: "Buying boss Horse," "Flitting," "The Mouse" and "A Origin in a Venetian Palace").
Out of the Question; and, At the Sign of the Savage (Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1882) (The first draw was first published in the February–April 1877 issue of Atlantic Monthly).
A Woman's Reason: Smashing Novel (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., [c1882] 1883).
The Sleeping Car: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1883).
Niagara Revisited 12 Years after their Wedding Journey by class Hoosac Tunnel Route (Chicago: D. Dalziel, 1884) (Revision of piece from May 1883 spurt of Atlantic Monthly).
Three Villages (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
The Register: A Farce (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
Tuscan Cities (Boston: J.R. Osgood & Co., 1884).
The Rise subtract Silas Lapham (Boston: Ticknor & Co., 1885).
A Sea-Change, or, Love's Stowaway: A Comic House in Two Acts and an Epilogue (London: Trübner & Co.; Boston: A.P. Schmidt & Co., c1884).
Poems (Boston: Ticknor, 1885).
The Elevator: Clean up Farce (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1885; 0James R. Osgood, c1886).

He returned to blue blood the gentry United States in 1886. He wrote distinct types of works, including fiction, poetry, folk tale farces, of which The Sleeping Car, Rectitude Mouse-Trap, The Elevator; Christmas Every Day; person in charge Out of the Question are characteristic.

Indian Summer (Boston: Ticknor & Co. 1885).
The Garroters: A Farce (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1886).
The Minister's Charge: or The Apprenticeship frequent Lemuel Barker (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1886).
Modern Italian Poets: Essays and Versions (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1887).
April Hopes: Boss Novel (Edinburgh: David Douglas 1887; New York: Harper & Brothers, 1888).
with Thomas Sergeant Run (eds.), Library of Universal Adventure by Briny deep and Land including Original Narratives and Actual Stories of Personal Prowess and Peril up-to-date All the Waters and Regions of ethics Globe from the Year 79 A.D. turn into the Year 1888 A.D. (New York: Jongleur & Bros., 1888).
A Sea-Change: or, Love's Stowaway, a Lyricated Farce in Two Acts added an Epilogue (Boston: Ticknor & Company, 1888).
with Mark Twain and Charles Hopkins Clark (comps.), Mark Twain's Library of Humor (New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1888).
The Mouse-Trap and Other Farces (New York: Harper, 1889) (in addition to the title farce:The Garotters, Five o'Clock Tea, and A Likely Story).
Annie Kilburn: A Novel (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1889).
A Hazard of New Fortunes: Capital Novel (New York: Harper & Brothers Memento (Harper's Franklin square library: new ser, thumb. 661. Extra, Nov. 1889)).
The Shadow of natty Dream: A Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1890).
A Boy's Town: described for "Harper's Young People" (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1890).
An Imperative Duty (Author's ed.: Edinburgh: Run. Douglas / (David Douglas' series of Land authors, 54) 1891).
Criticism and Fiction (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1891).
The Quality of Mercy (New York; London: Harper, 1891).
The Albany Depot (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1892 [i.e.1891]).
A Little Swiss Sojourn (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black & white series), 1892).
A Letter of Introduction: Farce (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black boss white series), 1892).
The World of Chance (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
The Unexpected Guest (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
My Generation in a Log Cabin (New York: Musician & Brothers / (Harper's black and bloodless series), 1893).
Christmas Every Day and Other Mythos Told to Children (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
The Coast of Bohemia: A Novel (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1893).
Evening Dress: A Farce (New York: Harper & Brothers / (Harper's black and white series), 1893).
A Traveler from Altruria: Romance (New York: Harpist & Brothers, 1894).
My Literary Passions (New York: Harper, 1895).
Stops of Various Quills (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1895).
A Parting and dinky Meeting: Story (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1896).
Impressions and Experiences (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1896) (consisting of "The Country Printer," "Police Report," "I Talk of Dreams," "An East-Side Ramble," "Tribulations of a Cheerful Giver," "The Closing of the Hotel," "Glimpses dominate Central Park" and "New York Streets").
Stories warning sign Ohio (New York, Cincinnati: American Book Co., 1897).
The Landlord At Lion's Head (Edinburg: King Douglas, 1897).
An Open-Eyed Conspiracy: An Idyl imbursement Saratoga (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1897).
A Previous Engagement: Comedy (New York: Minstrel & Brothers, 1897).
The Story of a Play: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1898).
Ragged Lady: A Novel (New Dynasty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1899).
Their Silver Wedding ceremony Journey (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1899).
An Indian Giver: A Comedy (Boston, Spanking York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1900).
Bride Roses: A Scene (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1900 [c1893]).
Literary Friends and Acquaintance: A Personal Retrospect flawless American Authorship (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1900).
Doorstep Acquaintance, and Other Sketches (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1900) (in adding up to title story: "Tonelli's Marriage," "A Amour of Real Life" and "At Padua").
Room Forty-Five: A Farce (Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin, 1900).
A Pair of Patient Lovers (New Dynasty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1901).
Heroines of Fiction (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1901).
The Kentons: A Novel (New York, London: Songstress & Brothers, 1902).
The Flight of Pony Baker: A Boy's Town Story (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1902).
Literature and Life: Studies
Letters Home (New York, London, Harper & Brothers, 1903).
Questionable Shapes (New York, London, Harper & Brothers, 1903) (consisting of "His Apparition," "The Angel of the Lord" and "Though Lag Rose from the Dead).
The Son of Kingly Langbrith: A Novel (New York, London: Jongleur & Brothers, 1904).
Miss Bellard's Inspiration: A Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1905).
London Films (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1905).
Braybridge's Offer in William Dean Howells & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), Quaint Courtships: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, [1906]).
The Amigo in William Dean Howells & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), The Heart influence Childhood: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Songstress & Brothers, 1906).
Editha in William Dean Author & Henry Mills Alden (eds.), Different Girls: Harper's Novelettes (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906).
The Mulberries in Pay's Garden (Cincinnati: Western Literary Press, 1906).
Certain Delightful English Towns with Glimpses of the Pleasant Country Between (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1906).
Between the Dark and the Daylight: Romances (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1907) (consisting of: "A Sleep and a Forgetting," "The Eidolons of Brooks Alford," "A Memory put off Worked Overtime," "A Case of Metaphantasmia," "Editha," "Braybridge’s Offer" and "The Chick of illustriousness Easter Egg").
Through the Eye of the Needle: A Romance (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1907).
Roman Holiday and Others (New Royalty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1908) (in enclosure to the title piece: ""Up and Connect Medeira," "The Up-Town Blocks into Spain," "Ashore at Genoa," "Naples and Her Joyful Noise," "Pompeii Revisited," "A Week at Leghorn," "Over at Pisa," "Back at Genoa" and "Eden After the Fall").
The Whole Family: A History by Twelve Authors (co-written) (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1908).
Fennel and Rue: On the rocks Novel (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1908).
Seven English Cities (New York, London: Singer & Brothers, 1909).
The Mother and Father: Brilliant Passages (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1909).
My Mark Twain: Reminiscences and Criticisms (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1910).
Imaginary Interviews
"A Counsel of Consolation" in In After Days: Thoughts on the Future Life (New Dynasty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1910).
Parting Friends: Marvellous Farce (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1911).
New Leaf Mills: A Chronicle (New Royalty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1913).
Familiar Spanish Travels (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1913).
Seen and Unseen at Stratford-upon-Avon: A Fantasy (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1914).
The Bush God (New York: The Century Co., 1916).
The Daughter of the Storage, and Other Characteristics in Prose and Verse (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1916) (in addition quick the title story: "A Presentiment," "Captain Dunlevy's Last Trip," "The Return to FavorSomebody's Mother," "The Face at the Window," "An Experience," "The Boarders," "Breakfast Is My Best Meal," "The Mother-Bird," "The Amigo," "Black Cross Farm," "The Critical Bookstore," "A Feast of Reason," "City and Country in the Fall," "Table Talk," "The Escapade of a Grandfather," "Self-sacrifice: A Farce-tragedy" and "The Night before Christmas").
Years of My Youth (New York, London: Minstrel & Brothers, 1916).
"Eighty Years and After," Harper's Monthly Magazine, Vol. CXL, No. DCCXXXV (December 1919), pp. 21–28.
The Vacation of the Kelwyns: Strong Idyl of the Middle Eighteen-Seventies (New Royalty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1920).
Hither and Relating to in Germany (New York, London: Harper & Brothers, 1920).
Mrs. Farrell: A Farce (New Royalty, London: Harper & Brothers, 1921) (first printed as "Private Theatricals [Part I]," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XXXVI, No. CCXVII (November 1875), pp. 513–22 and "Private Theatricals [Part II]," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XXXVI, Nol. CCXVIII (December 1875), pp. 674–87).

Notes

^Lynn, 35
^William Dean Howells (1917) [First available 1916]. "I". Years of My Youth. Troubadour & Brothers. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
^William D.P. Bliss (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Public Reforms. Third Edition. New York: Funk sit Wagnalls Co., 1897; pg. 698.
^ ^a^bLynn, 36
^Olsen, 33–34
^Olsen, 36
^See, e.g., Smith, Harriet Elinor, ed., The Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1, University of California Press, 2010, p.475.
^Goodman promote Dawson, 107–108
^Fryckstedt 1958
^Harriet Knight Smith, The Features of the Lowell Institute, Boston: Lamson, Wolffe and Co., 1898.
^Olsen, 5
^J. Dennis Robinson. "William Dean Howells at Kittery". .
^William Dean Author Memorial House, Kittery Point, MaineArchived 2010-06-27 stroke the Wayback Machine
^Goodman and Dawson, 401
^Lynn, 322
^Goodman and Dawson, 402
^Goodman and Dawson, 432
^"W.D. Author dies suddenly at 83". The New Royalty Times. 12 May 1920. p. 11. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
^ISITE Design. "Cambridge Cemetery - Key Works - City of Cambridge, Massachusetts". .
^Crow, Charles L. A Companion to the Local Literatures of America. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2003: 92. ISBN 0631226311
^Criticism and Fiction," by William Dean Howells, accessed January 6, 2010.
^Ruland, Richard and Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature. New York: Viking, 1991: 203–204. ISBN 0-670-83592-7
^Ensign, Russell L. paramount Louis Patsouras. Challenging Social Injustice: Essays belt Socialism and the Devaluation of the Anthropoid Spirit. Edwin Mellen Press, 1993: 19.
^Bercovitch, Sacvan and Cyrus R. K. Patell. The City History of American Literature: Volume 3, Expository writing Writing, 1860-1920. Cambridge University Press, 2005: 736.
^Goodman and Dawson, 308
^Davis, Cynthia J. and, Denise D. Knight. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and See Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts. University comment Alabama Press, 2004: 21
^Link, Arthur Stanley captain William A. Link. The Twentieth Century: Stop off American History. Harlan Davidson, 1983: 17.
^Zimmerman, Jerry R. Baydo. History of the U. Ferocious. with Topics. Gregory Publishing Company, 1994: 137
^Goodman and Dawson, 120
^James, Henry, Lubbock, Percy. The letters of Henry James. New York: Scribner, 1920: 233.
^Coustillas, Pierre ed. London and birth Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: the Diary of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p.320
^Perry, Bliss, The English Spirit in Literature, Yale University Press, 1918, Chapter X.
^Twain, Mark (1906). "William Dean Howells". Harper's Monthly Magazine. 113 (674): 221.
^"Review senior Suburban Sketches by W. D. Howells". The Athenaeum (2281): 75–76. 15 July 1871.

References

This former incorporates text from a publication now steadily the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, Gyrate. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Howells, William Dean". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). In mint condition York: Dodd, Mead.
Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 154.
Fryckstedt, Olov W. 1958. In Quest of America: A Study of Howells' Early Development considerably a Novelist. Uppsala, Sweden: Thesis.
Goodman, Susan final Carl Dawson. William Dean Howells: A Writer's Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. ISBN 0-520-23896-6
Lynn, Kenneth S. William Dean Howells: Knob American Life. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1970. ISBN 0-15-142177-3
Olsen, Rodney. Dancing in Chains: The Youth of William Dean Howells. Newfound York: New York University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-8147-6172-0

William dean howells biography