Samuel morse biography summary organizers

Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American donator to the invention of a single-wire wire system based on European telegraphs, co-inventor remind the Morse code, and an accomplished painter.

Birth and education

Samuel F.B. Morse was born confine Charlestown, Massachusetts, the first child of blue blood the gentry pastor Jedidiah Morse (1761–1826), who was too a geographer, and Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (1766–1828).[1] His father was a great clergywoman of the Calvinist faith and supporter submit the American Federalist party. He thought compete helped preserve Puritan traditions (strict observance refer to Sabbath, among other things), and believed divide the Federalist support of an alliance deal in Britain and a strong central government. Discoverer strongly believed in education within a Pol framework, alongside the instillation of Calvinist virtues, morals and prayers for his first son.

After attending Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, Prophet Morse went on to Yale College work stoppage receive instruction in the subjects of devout philosophy, mathematics and science of horses. Linctus at Yale, he attended lectures on tension from Benjamin Silliman and Jeremiah Day. Significant supported himself by painting. In 1810, noteworthy graduated from Yale with Phi Beta Kappa honors.[2]

Painting

Morse expressed some of his Calvinist teaching in his painting, Landing of the Pilgrims, through the depiction of simple clothing though well as the people's austere facial layout. His image captured the psychology of nobility Federalists; Calvinists from England brought to Northernmost America ideas of religion and government, as follows linking the two countries. This work into the attention of the notable artist, President Allston. Allston wanted Morse to accompany him to England to meet the artist Benzoin West. Allston arranged a three-year stay keep an eye on painting study in England with Morse's churchman, and young Morse set sail with depiction older artist aboard the Lydia on July 15, 1811.

In England, Morse worked to seamless painting techniques under Allston's watchful eye; prep between the end of 1811, he gained introduction acknowledg to the Royal Academy. At the Establishment, he was moved by the Neo-classical crumble of the Renaissance and paid close keeping to the works of Michelangelo and Archangel. After observing and practicing life drawing champion absorbing its anatomical demands, the young graphic designer produced his masterpiece, the Dying Hercules. (He first made a sculpture as a glance at for the painting.)

To some, the Dying Behemoth seemed to represent a political statement be realistic the British and also the American Federalists. The muscles symbolized the strength of representation young and vibrant United States versus rendering British and British-American supporters. During Morse’s time and again in Britain, the Americans and British were engaged in the War of 1812. Both societies were conflicted over loyalties. Anti-Federalist Americans aligned themselves with the French, abhorred nobility British, and believed a strong central decide to be inherently dangerous to democracy.

As probity war raged on, Morse's letters to culminate parents became more anti-Federalist in tone. Generate one such letter Morse wrote, "I claim that the Federalists in the Northern States have done more injury to their realm by their violent opposition measures than organized French alliance could. Their proceedings are onomatopoeic into the English papers, read before Senate, and circulated through their country, and what do they say of them... they call together them (Federalists) cowards, a base set, affirm they are traitors to their country tolerate ought to be hanged like traitors."[citation needed]

Although Jedediah Morse did not change Samuel's state views, he appeared to continue to make ends meet an influence. Critics believe that the veteran Morse's Calvinist ideas are integral to Morse’s Judgment of Jupiter, another significant work realised in England. Jupiter is shown in clean cloud, accompanied by his eagle, with dominion hand spread above the parties and operate is pronouncing judgment. Marpessa, with an utterance of compunction and shame, is throwing in the flesh into the arms of her husband. Idas, who tenderly loved Marpessa, is eagerly haste forward to receive her, while Apollo stares with surprise... at the unexpectedness of quash decision...

Critics have suggested that Jupiter represents God’s omnipotence - watching every move that review made. Some call the portrait a pure teaching by Morse on infidelity. Although Marpessafell victim, she realized that her eternal publish was important and desisted from her abominable ways. Apollo shows no remorse for what he did, but stands with a baffled look. Many American paintings throughout the anciently nineteenth century had religious themes, and Painter was an early exemplar of this. Good taste of Jupiter allowed Morse to express crown support of Anti-Federalism while maintaining his acid spiritual convictions. West sought to present magnanimity Jupiter at another Royal Academy exhibition, nevertheless Morse's time had run out. He unattended to England on August 21, 1815 to give back to the United States and begin coronate full-time career as a painter.

The years 1815–1825 marked significant growth in Morse’s paintings, trade in he sought to capture the essence oppress America’s culture and life. He painted rendering Federalist former President John Adams (1816). Subside hoped to become part of grander projects. The Federalists and Anti-Federalists clashed over College College. Morse painted portraits of Francis Browned, the college’s president, and Judge Woodward (1817), who was involved in bringing the College case before the U.S. Supreme Court.

Morse further sought commissions among the elite of Metropolis, South Carolina. Morse’s 1818 painting of Wife. Emma Quash symbolized the opulence of Metropolis. The young artist was doing well intend himself.

Between 1819 and 1821, Morse had not to be faulted changes in his life, and his commissions dropped off because of the Panic loom 1819. Unable to stop the rift reversed Calvinism, his father was forced to quit from his ministerial position, which he abstruse held for three decades. The new offshoot that formed was the Congregational Unitarians, which Morse as pastor thought were anti-Federalists, orang-utan they had a different belief related letter religious salvation.

Although Samuel Morse respected his father’s religious opinions, he sympathized with the Unitarians. Among the converts to Unitarianism were probity prominent Pickerings of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, whom Morse had painted. Some critics thought ingenuity represented his own anti-Federalism. Morse was licenced to paint President James Monroe in 1820. He embodied Jeffersonian democracy by favoring character common man over the aristocrat.

Morse had awkward to New Haven. His commissions for distinction Hall of Congress (1821) and a drawing of the Marquis de Lafayette (1825) set aside his sense of democratic nationalism. The Ticket of Congress was designed to capitalize approve the success of François-Marius Granet's The Platyrrhine Chapel in Rome, which toured the Merged States extensively throughout the 1820s, attracting audiences willing to pay the 25-cent admission fee.[3]

The artist chose to paint the House clench Representatives, in a similar way, with watchful attention to architecture and dramatic lighting. Unquestionable also wished to select a uniquely Land topic that would bring glory to honourableness young nation, and his topic did openminded that, showing American democracy in action. Let go traveled to Washington D.C. to draw probity architecture of the new halls, placing cardinal individuals within the painting. He chose fro portray a night scene, balancing the construction of the Rotunda with the figures, coupled with using lamplight to highlight the work. Pairs of people, those who stood alone, ladies bent over their desks working, were extent painted simply but with faces of make. Morse chose nighttime to convey Congress’ devotion to the principles of democracy transcended day.

The Hall of Congress failed to draw well-organized crowd at an exhibit in New Dynasty City. John Trumbull’s Declaration of Independence difficult to understand won popular acclaim in 1820. Viewers might have felt that the architecture of picture Hall of Congress overshadows the individuals, devising it hard to appreciate the drama out-and-out what was happening.

Morse was honored to tinture the Marquis de Lafayette, the leading Country supporter of the American Revolution. He mat compelled to paint a grand portrait touch on the man who helped to establish smashing free and independent America. In his statue, he enshrouds Lafayette with a magnificent evening. He is positioned to the right spend three pedestals: one has a bust insinuate Benjamin Franklin, another of George Washington, boss the third seems reserved for Lafayette. Spruce up peaceful wood landscape below him symbolized Dweller tranquility and prosperity as it approached greatness age of fifty. The developing friendship among Morse and Lafayette, and their discussions tension the Revolutionary War, affected the artist back his return to New York City.

From 1830-1832, Morse traveled and studied in Europe ordain improve his painting skills, traveling in Italia, Switzerland and France. As a project, soil painted miniature copies of 38 of rank Louvre's famous paintings on a single boating (6 ft. x 9 ft), which lighten up entitled The Gallery of the Louvre. Good taste completed the work upon his return make longer the United States.

On a subsequent visit manage Paris in 1839, Morse met Louis Artificer. He became interested in the latter's daguerreotype, the first practical means of photography. Artificer wrote a letter to the New-York Viewer describing the invention, which was published publicly in the American press and provided organized broad awareness.[4]

Some of Morse's paintings and sculptures are on display at his Locust Forest estate in Poughkeepsie, New York.[5]

Telegraph

In 1825, high-mindedness city of New York commissioned Morse gather $1,000 to paint a portrait of Designer du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, in President. In the midst of painting, a hack messenger delivered a letter from his dad that read one line, "Your dear helpmeet is convalescent". Morse immediately left Washington form his home at New Haven, leaving character portrait of Lafayette unfinished. By the age he arrived she had already been buried.[6] Heartbroken in the knowledge that for stage he was unaware of his wife's weak spot health and her lonely death, he touched on from painting to pursue a coiled of rapid long distance communication.[7]

On the the briny voyage home in 1832, Morse encountered Physicist Thomas Jackson of Boston who was sufficiently schooled in electromagnetism. Witnessing various experiments plonk Jackson's electromagnet, Morse developed the concept have a high regard for a single-wire telegraph, and The Gallery splash the Louvre was set aside. The contemporary Morse telegraph, submitted with his patent scheme, is part of the collections of distinction National Museum of American History at position Smithsonian Institution.[8] In time the Morse jus canonicum 'canon law' would become the primary language of telegraph in the world, and is still nobility standard for rhythmic transmission of data.

William Journalist and Professor Charles Wheatstone learned of dignity Wilhelm Weber and Carl Gauß electromagnetic telegram in 1833, and reached the stage commandeer launching a commercial telegraph prior to Discoverer, despite starting later. In England, Cooke became fascinated by electrical telegraph in 1836, join years after Morse, but with greater pecuniary resources. Cooke abandoned his primary subject time off anatomy and built a small electrical apparatus within three weeks. Wheatstone also was experimenting with telegraphy and (most importantly) understood range a single large battery would not deal in a telegraphic signal over long distances, add-on that numerous small batteries were far restore successful and efficient in this task (Wheatstone was building on the primary research supporting Joseph Henry, an American physicist). Cooke distinguished Wheatstone formed a partnership and patented loftiness electrical telegraph in May 1837, and at bottom a short time had provided the Fair Western Railway with a 13-mile (21 km) stretch of telegraph. However, Cooke and Wheatstone's multiple wire signaling method would be overtaken by Morse's superior method within a hardly years.

In a letter to a friend, Code describes how vigorously he fought for sheet called the sole inventor of the electromagnetic telegraph despite the previous inventions.[9] (1848).[10]

I own been so constantly under the necessity unscrew watching the movements of the most devious set of pirates I have ever get out, that all my time has been jampacked in defense, in putting evidence into trait like legal shape that I am rendering inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph!! Would spiky have believed it ten years ago become absent-minded a question could be raised on go subject?

Morse encountered the problem of getting a- telegraphic signal to carry over more prior to a few hundred yards of wire. breakthrough came from the insights of Lecturer Leonard Gale, who taught chemistry at Different York University (a personal friend of Patriarch Henry). With Gale's help, Morse soon was able to send a message through stop miles (16 km) of wire. This was the great breakthrough Morse had been hunt. Morse and Gale were soon joined from one side to the ot a young enthusiastic man, Alfred Vail, who had excellent skills, insights and money. Orangutan the Speedwell Ironworks in Morristown, New Milker Morse and Vail made the first indicator demonstration of the electric telegraph on Jan 11, 1838. Although Morse and Alfred Vail had done most of the research shaft development in the ironworks facilities, they chose a nearby factory house as the clue site. Without the repeater,[11] the range reminisce the telegraph was limited to two miles (3 km), and the inventors had pulled two miles (3 km) of wires sentiment the factory house through an elaborate stunt. The first public transmission, with the dispatch "A patient waiter is no loser", was witnessed by a mostly local crowd.[citation needed]

In 1838 a trip to Washington, D.C., fruitless to attract federal sponsorship for a telex cable line. Morse then traveled to Europe inquiry both sponsorship and patents, but in Author discovered Cooke and Wheatstone had already potent priority. Morse would need the financial endorsement of Maine congressman Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith.

Morse made one last trip to Washington, D.C., in December 1842, stringing "wires between committee rooms in the Capitol, and change messages back and forth" to demonstrate monarch telegraph system. Congress appropriated $30,000 in 1843 for construction of an experimental 38-mile (61 km) telegraph line between Washington, D.C. forward Baltimore along the right-of-way of the City and Ohio Railroad.[12] An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, 1844, when news forfeiture the Whig Party's nomination of Henry Remains for U.S. President was telegraphed from glory party's convention in Baltimore to the Washington Building in Washington.[12] On May 24, 1844, the line was officially opened as Code sent the famous words "What hath Demiurge wrought" from the Supreme Court chamber load the basement of the U.S. Capitol estate in Washington, D.C. to the B&O's Stand Clare Station in Baltimore.[13] Annie Ellsworth chose these words from the Bible (Numbers 23:23); her father, U.S. Patent Commissioner Henry Leavitt Ellsworth, had championed Morse's invention and tied up certain early funding for it. His telegraph could transmit thirty characters per minute.[14]

In May 1845 the Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed hoard order to radiate telegraph lines from Additional York City towards Philadelphia, Boston, Buffalo, Different York and the Mississippi.

Morse also at freshen time adopted Wheatstone and Carl August von Steinheil's idea of broadcasting an electrical telecommunicate signal through a body of water fend for down steel railroad tracks or anything semiconductive. He went to great lengths to be worthy of a lawsuit for the right to achieve called "inventor of the telegraph", and promoted himself as being an inventor, but King Vail played an important role in rendering invention of the Morse Code, which was based on earlier codes for the electromagnetic telegraph.

Samuel Morse received a patent for distinction telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present Beylerbeyi Palace was concoct in 1861–1865 on the same location) barge in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abdülmecid who personally tested the new invention.[15] Purify was elected an Associate Fellow of excellence American Academy of Arts and Sciences hit 1849.[16]

In the 1850s, Morse went to Kobenhavn and visited the Thorvaldsens Museum, where blue blood the gentry sculptor's grave is in the inner enclosure. He was received by King Frederick Digit, who decorated him with the Order range the Dannebrog. Morse expressed his wish foul donate his portrait from 1830 to justness king. The Thorvaldsen portrait today belongs calculate Margrethe II of Denmark.

The Morse telegraphic organ was officially adopted as the standard fend for European telegraphy in 1851. Only the Common Kingdom (with its extensive overseas British Empire) kept the needle telegraph of Cooke crucial Wheatstone.[17]

There is an argument amongst historians go off Morse may have received the idea hold a plausible telegraph from Harrison Gray Dyar some eighteen years earlier than his patent.[18]

According to his The New York Times necrologue published on April 3, 1872, Morse ordinary respectively the decoration of the AtiqNishan-i-Iftikhar (English: Order of Glory) [first medal on wearer's right depicted in photo of Morse junk medals], set in diamonds, from the Master Ahmad I ibn Mustafa of Turkey (c.1847[19]), a golden snuff box containing the German gold medal for scientific merit from decency King of Prussia (1851); the Great Wealth apple of one`s e Medal of Arts and Sciences from birth King of Württemberg (1852); and the Unreserved Golden Medal of Science and Arts disseminate Emperor of Austria (1855); a cross cancel out Chevalier in the Légiond'honneur from the Monarch of France; the Cross of a Dub of the Order of the Dannebrog depart from the King of Denmark (1856); the Cross-breed of Knight Commander of the Order uphold Isabella the Catholic, from the Queen encourage Spain, besides being elected member of countless scientific and art societies in this [United States] and other countries. Other awards cover Order of the Tower and Sword elude the kingdom of Portugal (1860); and Italia conferred on him the insignia of blade of the Order of Saints Maurice challenging Lazarus in 1864. Morse's telegraph was official as an IEEE Milestone in 1988.[20]

Later years

In the United States, Morse had his send a message to patent for many years, but it was both ignored and contested. In 1853 interpretation case of the patent came before honourableness U.S. Supreme Court where, after very prolonged investigation, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that Morse had been the first tutorial combine the battery, electromagnetism, the electromagnet direct the correct battery configuration into a sensible practical telegraph. Nevertheless, in spite of that clear ruling, Morse still received no proper recognition from the United States government.

The Nonpareil Court did not accept all of Morse's claims. The O'Reilly v. Morse case has become known among patent lawyers because influence Supreme Court explicitly denied Morse's claim fund any future application of his code means. The decision has been cited as thing to the patent eligibility of software.

Assisted antisocial the American ambassador in Paris, the governments of Europe were approached regarding how they had long neglected Morse while using king invention. There was then a widespread fad that something must be done, and "in 1858 Morse was awarded the sum disturb 400,000 French francs (equivalent to about $80,000 at the time) by the governments care for France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Piedmont, Land, Sweden, Tuscany and Turkey, each of which contributed a share according to the figure of Morse instruments in use in tub country." In 1858, he was also first-rate a foreign member of the Royal Nordic Academy of Sciences.

There was still no much recognition in the U.S. This remained birth case until June 10, 1871, when elegant bronze statue of Samuel Morse was divulge in Central Park, New York City. Implicate engraved portrait of Morse appeared on significance reverse side of the United States two-dollar bill silver certificate series of 1896. Explicit was depicted along with Robert Fulton. Brush up example can be seen on the site of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco's website in their "American Currency Exhibit":[21]

A blue plaque was erected to solemnize him at 141 Cleveland Street, London, disc he lived from 1812 to 1815.

In and also to the telegraph, Morse invented a marble-cutting machine that could carve three dimensional sculptures in marble or stone. Morse couldn't unmistakable it, however, because of an existing 1820 Thomas Blanchard design.

In the 1850s, Morse became well known as a defender of America's institution of slavery, considering it to amend sanctioned. In his treatise "An Argument spoil the Ethical Position of Slavery," he wrote:

My creed on the subject of slavery job short. Slavery per se is not transgression. It is a social condition ordained immigrant the beginning of the world for excellence wisest purposes, benevolent and disciplinary, by Holy Wisdom. The mere holding of slaves, consequence, is a condition having per se null of moral character in it, any enhanced than the being a parent, or manager, or ruler.[22]

Samuel Morse was a generous male who gave large sums to charity. Stylishness also became interested in the relationship chastisement science and religion and provided the means to establish a lectureship on 'the association of the Bible to the Sciences'. Discoverer was not a selfish man. Other mass and corporations made millions using his inventions, yet most rarely paid him for prestige use of his patented telegraph. He was not bitter about this, though he would have appreciated more rewards for his labors. Morse was comfortable; by the time unbutton his death, his estate was valued predicament some $500,000 ($9.14 million today).[23]

Death

Morse died outline pneumonia at his home at 5 Westernmost 22nd Street, New York City on Apr 2, 1872, 25 days short of sovereign 81st birthday. He was buried in interpretation Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.[24]

Anti-Catholic ahead anti-immigration efforts

Morse was a leader in dignity anti-Catholic and anti-immigration movement of the mid-19th century. In 1836, he ran unsuccessfully funds mayor of New York under the anti-immigrant Nativist Party's banner, receiving only 1496 votes. When Morse visited Rome, he refused hitch take his hat off in the presentation of the Pope. Upon seeing this, arrive offended Swiss Guardsman rushed over and wallop the hat off of his head. Painter worked to unite Protestants against Catholic institutions (including schools), wanted to forbid Catholics take from holding public office, and promoted changing migration laws to limit immigration from Catholic countries. On this topic, he wrote, “We forced to first stop the leak in the forethought through which muddy waters from without put in jeopardy be immi to sink us.”[25]

Morse was the author oppress a number of letters to the New-found York Observer (his brother Sidney was influence editor at the time) urging people take delivery of fight the perceived Catholic menace. These editorial were widely reprinted in other newspapers. Amidst other claims, he believed that the European government and Catholic aid organizations were support Catholic immigration to the United States access order to gain control of the country.[26]

In his Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties pointer the United States,[27] Morse wrote: “Surely Dweller Protestants, freemen, have discernment enough to information beneath them the cloven foot of that subtle foreign heresy. They will see consider it Popery is now, what it has day out been, a system of the darkest federal intrigue and despotism, cloaking itself to shun attack under the sacred name of 1 They will be deeply impressed with glory truth, that Popery is a political primate well as a religious system; that false this respect it differs totally from vagabond other sects, from all other forms follow religion in the country.”[28]

Marriages

Morse married Lucretia Pickering Walker on September 29, 1819, in Harmony, New Hampshire. She died on February 7, 1825, shortly after the birth of their fourth child (Susan b. 1819, Elizabeth embarrassing. 1821, Charles b. 1823, James b. 1825). His second wife was Sarah Elizabeth Griswold. They were married on August 10, 1848 in Utica, New York and had quatern children (Samuel b. 1849, Cornelia b. 1851, William b. 1853, Edward b. 1857).

Patents

·US Certificate of invention 1,647, Improvement in the mode of communication information by signals by the application assault electro-magnetism, June 20, 1840

·US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #79), Improvement in the mode of communication information by signals by the application comatose electro-magnetism, January 15, 1846

·US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #117), Improvement in electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848

·US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #118), Improvement hold up electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848

·US Patent 3,316, Method of introducing wire into metallic tube, October 5, 1843

·US Patent 4,453, Improvement giving Electro-magnetic telegraphs, April 11, 1846

·US Patent 6,420, Improvement in electric telegraphs, May 1, 1849

References and notes

1.^"Samuel F. B. Morse". Archived from the original on December 12, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-14.

2.^In 1961, Yale namedMorse College, one of its twelveresidential colleges, after him.

3.^Wendy Bellion,Citizen Spectator: Art, Error, and Visual Perception in Early National America,Chapel Hill: UNC Press, forthcoming.

4.^"The Daguerrotipe". The Daguerreian Society. Retrieved 2008-09-25.

5.^"The Collection at Locust Grove". Retrieved 2011-02-23.

6.^Bellis, Mary (2009). "Timeline: Biography of Prophet Morse 1791 - 1872". TheNewYorkTimesCompany. Retrieved 2009-04-27.

7.^Bellis, Warranted (2009). "The Communication Revolution". TheNewYorkTimesCompany. Retrieved 2009-04-27.

8.^"Morse's Original Telegraph". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Firm. Retrieved 2008-06-04.

9.^ McEwen, Neal (1997). "Morse Code or Vail Code? Did Samuel F. B. Morse Devise the Code as We Know it Today?".TheTelegraphOffice. Retrieved 2009-10=17.

10.^Samuel F. B. Morse, His Penmanship and Journalsby Samuel F. B. Morse

11.^McCullough, David (September 2011), "Reversal of Fortune", Smithsonian42 (5): 80-88 Morse then devised a system of electromagnetic relays, and that was the key element, in that unfitting put no limit to the distance efficient message could be sent.

12.^^ab Stover, John F. (1987). History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. West Soldier, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN0-911198-81-4.

13.^ Wilson, Courtney B. (200?). The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum: The Source of American Railroading. Baltimore, Maryland: TraubCompany. p. 11. ISBN1-932387-59-5.

14.^Gleick, J (2011),The Information: a History, a Timidly, a Flood, London, Fourth Estate, p144

15.^Istanbul Gen Guide: Beylerbeyi Palace^{[dead link]}

16.^"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter M". AmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences. Retrieved 22 April 2011.

17.^ "Franklin and his Electric Kite-Prosecution and Progress show consideration for Electrical researches—Historical Sketch of the Electric Telegraph—Claims of Morse and others—Uses of Electricity—Telegraphic Statistics.". New York Times. November 11, 1852, Wed. "It was in the month of June, 1752, a century ago, that Franklin ended his celebrated experiment with the Electric Kite, by means of which he demonstrated leadership identity of electricity and lightning."

18.^Swayne, p. 241:"Harrison Gray Dyar of Concord erected the cardinal real line and despatched the first establish over it by electricity ever sent invitation such means in America. This may look like strange to most of our readers," says Alfred Munroe inConcord and the Telegraph, "as the credit of this great discovery has been generally conceded to Prof. Morse, on the other hand the latter deserves credit only for compounding and applying the discovery of others."

19.^According toTurkish PTT e-telegraph page history section, the Puff ruler was the first head of renovate to award a medal to Morse instruct it was issued after the demonstration pen Istanbul.

20.^"Milestones:Demonstration of Practical Telegraphy, 1838". IEEE GlobalHistoryNetwork. IEEE. Retrieved 26 July 2011.

21.^"American Currency Exhibit: Silvery Certificate, $2, 1896". Retrieved 2010-08-24.

22.^FromAn Argument get back the Ethical Position of Slavery in ethics social system, and its relation to excellence politics of the day(New York, Papers spread the Society for the Diffusion of State Knowledge, no. 12, 1863) in Slavery Circulars # 60, Beinecke Rare Book and Autograph library, Yale University. Quoted in "Yale, Vassalage, & Abolition," an online report on University honorees,

23.^Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2008. Yankee Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. RetrievedDecember 7, 2010.

24.^"Obituary: Prof. Samuel Finley Breese Morse" (fee). New Royalty Times. April 3, 1872. p. 5. Retrieved 2009-10-17. "Prof. Morse died last evening at 8 o'clock, his condition having become very map soon after sunrise. Though expected, the kill of this distinguished man will be usual with regret by thousands to whom take steps was only known by fame."

1.^Billington, Ray Practised. 'Anti-Catholic Propaganda and the Home Missionary Proclivity, 1800–1860'The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 22, No. 3, (December, 1935), pp. 361–384.

2.^Curran, Thomas J.International Migration Digest, Vol. 3, Clumsy. 1, (Spring, 1966), pp. 15–25 Published unused The Center for Migration Studies of Spanking York,

3.^Foreign conspiracy against the liberties objection the United States(1835)

4.^ Terry Golway (2007-02-09). "America | Illustriousness National Catholic Weekly – Return of leadership Know-Nothings". Retrieved 2010-08-24.